Thursday, November 13, 2014
Wednesday, October 8, 2014
The Federalist Papers: No. 10
This article defined faction as sub-group of people who have ideas,
passions, or beliefs and trying their best to achieve it. Then Madison goes deeper
to explain how faction might effect negatively on government or society. He
mentioned there are two ways to deal with “by removing its causes; the other,
by controlling its effects” Madison, The
Federalist Papers”. Then he explained more on “removing” and it could be
by destroy the liberty or give the equalities for every citizen. I disagree
with destroy the liberty because America known as liberty land so, it can’t be
separated.
Moreover, Madison defined a democracy and a republic and distinguish
between them. Democracy” a society consisting of a small number of citizens,
who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for
the mischiefs of faction.” Madison, The Federalist Papers”. Democracy gives the
citizen the right to choose who going to represent them in the government.
Republic” a government in which the scheme of
representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure
for which we are seeking.”.” Madison, The Federalist Papers”. In republic, the government
selects its leaders depend on the law which doesn’t give the citizen the opportunity
to participate.
I will write about causes and effects of faction
and how to deal with it.
Friday, October 3, 2014
How did Britain and its colonies view their joint victory over France in the Seven Years' War?
Seven Years’ War” Major French-British conflict known in North
America as the French and Indian War” ” Boyer page 92”. Both Britain and France
did emerged from king George’s wars so each one prepared for another war.
France decided to regain control of Virginia and Pennsylvania Indian trade,
Virginian sent George to demand that the French abandon their forts. Then, French
decided to go back to their homes again. “France and Britain remained at peace
in Europe until 1756, Washington’s clash with the French had created a virtual
state of war in North America””Boyer page 93”. In 1754 Britain dispatch General
Edward Braddock and some regulars to take Fort Duquesne. Then, there was fight
which ended up with nine hundred soldiers and colonists died including the
General.
In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France give up all its territories
on the North American. After that, French colonists from Quebec to Louisiana
became British or Spanish citizens. They called the end of French in North
America (1760-1763). Also, that led to increase of Spain land size and became
Spain’s New World Empire. British victory over the French was useful for
increase their land size and citizens. However, the worse victory was drove the
British debt even higher during spending a lot of money on wars. So, British
stopped distributing food and ammunition to their Indian allies and it led to
fear and wars. Moreover, British government sent many regulars troop to occupy
the lands that France had ceded to intimidate the Indians.
How did politics, the Enlightenment, and religious movements shape public life in the colonies?
“England’s
new Bill of Rights was the foundation of government and politics in the
colonies.” Boyer page84”. In most colonies, they stated to choose colonial
governors and they named a council or upper legislative house. At the
beginning, governors and councils drafted laws and they should followed. Then,
their job become as Parliament’s House of Commons which represented the people
and defended their rights. “Britain’s lack of interest in colonial politics
allowed the assemblies to take considerable power”.” Boyer page84”. The lack of
interest in colonial politics led to each colonies to become self-governing. The
main purpose of self-governing to become more independent which each one
regulate trade and printing money. Governors chose some people to serve on
councils and as judges in highest courts. The people had the right to vote for
the representatives. The vote was for male but all excluded women, black, and
Indians from voting. Moreover, in some colonies, voters had to own land in
order to vote.
“Enlightenment ideals combined confidence in reason with skepticism
about beliefs not based on science or logic”. ” Boyer page84”. It was focusing
on rationalism not religious or traditional social. The enlightenment touched
most colonists’ belief and influenced them. When the Great Awakening came up,
it changed some the Enlightenment’s basic assumptions. It gave women prominence
place in colonial religion. Women had right to vote and speak in church
meetings and a good example was Anne Hutchinson. Moreover, it gave opportunity
to slaves to come to theses meeting. I think the Great Awakening changed the
people view of women and slaves, and considered them as big part of the
society.
Why and how did plantation agriculture shape slavery in the Caribbean and Carolina?
French
and the English were using slave labor to produce sugar on large plantations in
1640s. After many English islanders left to Chesapeake and Carolina, slavery
moved with them. Tobacco was the dominant crop at that time in the English West
Indies and Virginia. Because
It requiring few labors and effort to produce it. When sugar came up, it changed economy and
society too. Producing sugar need triple the labor force of tobacco. So, they
replaced the African slaves to white servants. “Most planters preferred black
slaves to white servants because they could be driven harder and maintained
more cheaply” Boyer page55”. I think the history repeat itself, nowadays we
prefer some nationalities than other because they are chapter or work hard.
Since producing sugar need more labors, the slave increased from 40,000 to
130,000 in 1713.
In
1690 the southern Carolinians found rice and planters tried to compete the
Caribbean sugar planters. White servants
did not survive in the humid rice because it has malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
Planters imported many African slaves because the shortage of slaves. There are many two reasons of importing
African slaves. First, they had some experience of raising the rice. Secondly,
African were immune to malaria and other diseases so they wouldn’t get sick.
Importing African salves helped rising the rice in Carolina. The number of slaves increased form 17
percent in 1680 to 67 percent in 1720 which let whites relied on force and fear
to control their slaves. “In 1696 Carolina adopted the galling restrictions and
gruesome punishments of the Barbados slave code” Boyer page55”. After this huge
number of salves, planters started to follow punishments way to control
them.
African and European Backgrounds
What major change were reshaping the African and European worlds in
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
In West African was kinship group knit societies together which was
similar to the Native American. “The enslaved Africans to endure the breakup of
nuclear families by sale” ” Boyer page18”. Since children was a part of slavery
they let men married many wives in order to have many slave. Moreover, African is rain forest which means
most of people are farmer. So, they took
some farmers to made clothing and jewelry instead of farming. African people
“believed that another world lay beyond the one they perceived” ” Boyer
page18”. Also, they considered using cast iron or ivory in their ceremonies as
honoring spirits. They have special event which they dance with ritual masks.
European
culture and society has influenced by Renaissance which rebirth of classical
Greek and roman culture. European’s status was classified into gender, wealth,
inherited position and political which affected to everyone. It noticed in that time there 70-80 percent
of Europeans were peasant which they couldn’t afford basic needs. It led to
joint-stock company which a good step by the sixteenth century. Furthermore, in
sixteenth and seventeen every member in the family has specific role. Father deal with supreme authority and wife’s
job was to take care of children and assist her husband. Children was labor at
that time. Europe has many religions such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam.
African and European worlds had many changes which helped to reshape both of
them.
Monday, September 22, 2014
North American Peoples on the Eve of European Contact
North American Peoples on the Eve of European Contact
What common values did Native American share despite their cast
diversity?
Native American lived in North America for thousands of
years before the Europeans. They have kept their traditions and their beliefs
such as hunting, fishing and religion for a long time. The existence of many diverse
languages and dialects started some new nations and tribes. Even with these new nations and tribes, they
have common characteristics. There are many common values in Native American.
Kinship and gender is one of the values that can be seen in
all the Native American. They prioritize their ties to cousins, uncles, aunts
which they are most part of their kinship. They believe that kinship bounds are
more important than bounds with nuclear families. Moreover, in most cultures of
the Native Americans, the marriage age is in their teens and they try to be
within their extended family. A new husband in some of the Native American societies
moved in with his wife’s extended family. Every tribes live in a small village
and they have a leader or a chief to govern them and they have to follow him. Both
men and women has played a major rule in the Native American societies. Men’s
job was focusing on hunt, trade and make tools and weapons. Women’s job was
farming, cooking and taking care of children and they shared some of the work.
Spiritual and social values is one of the common principles
that Native American societies shared. They believe that there are two ways to
access the spiritual world, either in sleep or by using physical ordeals to
alter their consciousness. They believe that Young men become adult when “through
a vision quest—a solitary venture that entailed fasting and waiting for the
appearance of a spirit that would endow them with special powers”” Boyer page14”.
On the girls’ side “Girls went through comparable rituals at the onset of
menstruation, to initiate them into the spiritual world from which female
reproductive power flowed”” Boyer page14”. The natives, despite being divided
into many cultures, sub cultures and different societies, they all shared some
common values and practices with slight different methods of applications.
I found a good article and video about the Native American
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