The Federalist Papers: No. 10

This article defined faction as sub-group of people who have ideas, passions, or beliefs and trying their best to achieve it. Then Madison goes deeper to explain how faction might effect negatively on government or society. He mentioned there are two ways to deal with “by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects” Madison, The Federalist Papers”. Then he explained more on “removing” and it could be by destroy the liberty or give the equalities for every citizen. I disagree with destroy the liberty because America known as liberty land so, it can’t be separated.

Moreover, Madison defined a democracy and a republic and distinguish between them. Democracy” a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction.” Madison, The Federalist Papers”. Democracy gives the citizen the right to choose who going to represent them in the government. Republic” a government in which the scheme of representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking.”.” Madison, The Federalist Papers”. In republic, the government selects its leaders depend on the law which doesn’t give the citizen the opportunity to participate.

I will write about causes and effects of faction and how to deal with it.

How did Britain and its colonies view their joint victory over France in the Seven Years' War?

Seven Years’ War” Major French-British conflict known in North America as the French and Indian War” ” Boyer page 92”. Both Britain and France did emerged from king George’s wars so each one prepared for another war. France decided to regain control of Virginia and Pennsylvania Indian trade, Virginian sent George to demand that the French abandon their forts. Then, French decided to go back to their homes again. “France and Britain remained at peace in Europe until 1756, Washington’s clash with the French had created a virtual state of war in North America””Boyer page 93”. In 1754 Britain dispatch General Edward Braddock and some regulars to take Fort Duquesne. Then, there was fight which ended up with nine hundred soldiers and colonists died including the General.

In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France give up all its territories on the North American. After that, French colonists from Quebec to Louisiana became British or Spanish citizens. They called the end of French in North America (1760-1763). Also, that led to increase of Spain land size and became Spain’s New World Empire. British victory over the French was useful for increase their land size and citizens. However, the worse victory was drove the British debt even higher during spending a lot of money on wars. So, British stopped distributing food and ammunition to their Indian allies and it led to fear and wars. Moreover, British government sent many regulars troop to occupy the lands that France had ceded to intimidate the Indians.  

How did politics, the Enlightenment, and religious movements shape public life in the colonies?

“England’s new Bill of Rights was the foundation of government and politics in the colonies.” Boyer page84”. In most colonies, they stated to choose colonial governors and they named a council or upper legislative house. At the beginning, governors and councils drafted laws and they should followed. Then, their job become as Parliament’s House of Commons which represented the people and defended their rights. “Britain’s lack of interest in colonial politics allowed the assemblies to take considerable power”.” Boyer page84”. The lack of interest in colonial politics led to each colonies to become self-governing. The main purpose of self-governing to become more independent which each one regulate trade and printing money. Governors chose some people to serve on councils and as judges in highest courts. The people had the right to vote for the representatives. The vote was for male but all excluded women, black, and Indians from voting. Moreover, in some colonies, voters had to own land in order to vote.

“Enlightenment ideals combined confidence in reason with skepticism about beliefs not based on science or logic”. ” Boyer page84”. It was focusing on rationalism not religious or traditional social. The enlightenment touched most colonists’ belief and influenced them. When the Great Awakening came up, it changed some the Enlightenment’s basic assumptions. It gave women prominence place in colonial religion. Women had right to vote and speak in church meetings and a good example was Anne Hutchinson. Moreover, it gave opportunity to slaves to come to theses meeting. I think the Great Awakening changed the people view of women and slaves, and considered them as big part of the society. 

Why and how did plantation agriculture shape slavery in the Caribbean and Carolina?

French and the English were using slave labor to produce sugar on large plantations in 1640s. After many English islanders left to Chesapeake and Carolina, slavery moved with them. Tobacco was the dominant crop at that time in the English West Indies and Virginia.  Because It requiring few labors and effort to produce it.  When sugar came up, it changed economy and society too. Producing sugar need triple the labor force of tobacco. So, they replaced the African slaves to white servants. “Most planters preferred black slaves to white servants because they could be driven harder and maintained more cheaply” Boyer page55”. I think the history repeat itself, nowadays we prefer some nationalities than other because they are chapter or work hard. Since producing sugar need more labors, the slave increased from 40,000 to 130,000 in 1713.

In 1690 the southern Carolinians found rice and planters tried to compete the Caribbean sugar planters.  White servants did not survive in the humid rice because it has malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Planters imported many African slaves because the shortage of slaves.  There are many two reasons of importing African slaves. First, they had some experience of raising the rice. Secondly, African were immune to malaria and other diseases so they wouldn’t get sick. Importing African salves helped rising the rice in Carolina.  The number of slaves increased form 17 percent in 1680 to 67 percent in 1720 which let whites relied on force and fear to control their slaves. “In 1696 Carolina adopted the galling restrictions and gruesome punishments of the Barbados slave code” Boyer page55”. After this huge number of salves, planters started to follow punishments way to control them.  

African and European Backgrounds

What major change were reshaping the African and European worlds in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

               In West African was kinship group knit societies together which was similar to the Native American. “The enslaved Africans to endure the breakup of nuclear families by sale” ” Boyer page18”. Since children was a part of slavery they let men married many wives in order to have many slave.  Moreover, African is rain forest which means most of people are farmer.  So, they took some farmers to made clothing and jewelry instead of farming. African people “believed that another world lay beyond the one they perceived” ” Boyer page18”. Also, they considered using cast iron or ivory in their ceremonies as honoring spirits. They have special event which they dance with ritual masks.

              European culture and society has influenced by Renaissance which rebirth of classical Greek and roman culture. European’s status was classified into gender, wealth, inherited position and political which affected to everyone.  It noticed in that time there 70-80 percent of Europeans were peasant which they couldn’t afford basic needs. It led to joint-stock company which a good step by the sixteenth century. Furthermore, in sixteenth and seventeen every member in the family has specific role.  Father deal with supreme authority and wife’s job was to take care of children and assist her husband. Children was labor at that time. Europe has many religions such as Christianity, Judaism and Islam. African and European worlds had many changes which helped to reshape both of them.